New products and new processes do not appear full-grown. Budget. Responsibility to the people, through the President and Congress, should be placed in the hands of, say nine Members, who should be persons not otherwise connected with the Government and not representative of any special interest, who should be known as National Research Foundation Members, selected by the President on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the purposes of the Foundation. The Members should elect their own chairman annually. The mobilization of science behind the lines is aiding the fighting men at the front to win the war and to shorten it; and it has resulted incidentally in the accumulation of a vast amount of experience and knowledge of the application of science to particular problems, much of which can be put to use when the war is over. The heart of the legislation will be the Endless Frontier Act (EFA), a bipartisan and bicameral bill that was first introduced to the previous Congress in May . 3. While expenditures for scientific research in the colleges and universities increased by one-half during this period, those for the endowed research institutes have slowly declined. The simplest and most effective way in which the Government can strengthen industrial research is to support basic research and to develop scientific talent. Relation to National Security. "Robert Cook-Deegan, Arizona State University, "With this visionary report, Science: The Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush transformed US research policy and set our nation on a path of economic expansion and world scientific leadership. In computer science and artificial intelligence, there has been a recent thread of work on citation recommendation, concerned with identifying relevant citations given a piece of text and possibly other meta-data (e.g., authors, etc.) . Further, we cannot expect industry adequately to fill the gap. Much of the scientific research done by Government agencies is intermediate in character between the two types of work commonly referred to as basic and applied research. Science, The Endless Frontier. It is estimated that an adequate program for Federal support of basic research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes and for financing important applied research in the public interest, will cost about 10 million dollars at the outset and may rise to about 50 million dollars annually when fully underway at the end of perhaps 5 years. The usual controls of audits, reports, budgeting, and the like, should, of course, apply to the administrative and fiscal operations of the Foundation, subject, however, to such adjustments in procedure as are necessary to meet the special requirements of research. Research within the Government represents an important part of our total research activity and needs to be strengthened and expanded after the war. Optimizing the level of renewable electric R&D expenditures using real options . He understands what the place of science in our democratic society has beenand what it should be. Overview []. A large fraction of these deaths in our civilian population cut short the useful lives of our citizens. To enlarge the group of specially qualified men and women it is necessary to increase the number who go to college. Science, the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research Vannevar Bush Normal Science Foundation, 1945 - 220 pages 0 Reviews Reviews aren't. 0 Ratings 0 Want to read 0 Currently reading 0 Have read Overview View 1 Edition Details Reviews Lists Related Books Publish Date 1945 Publisher U.S. Govt. Between World War I and World War II the United States overtook all other nations in medical research and assumed a position of world leadership. It is recommended, therefore, that specific action with regard to the patent laws be withheld pending the submission of the report devoted exclusively to that subject. A desktop computer app that allows PDF reading is currently under development. - The National Research Foundation should develop and promote a national policy for scientific research and scientific education, should support basic research in nonprofit organizations, should develop scientific talent in American youth by means of scholarships and fellowships, and should by contract and otherwise support long-range research on military matters. It is my judgment that the national interest in scientific research and scientific education can best be promoted by the creation of a National Research Foundation. The form of the organization suggested is the result of considerable deliberation. In the Government the arrangement whereby the numerous scientific agencies form parts of larger departments has both advantages and disadvantages. Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. Moreover, since health, well-being, and security are proper concerns of Government, scientific progress is, and must be, of vital interest to Government. To establish scholarships and fellowships in the natural sciences including biology and medicine. Some of us know the vital role which radar has played in bringing the United Nations to victory over Nazi Germany and in driving the Japanese steadily back from their island bastions. Discoveries pertinent to medical progress have often come from remote and unexpected sources, and it is certain that this will be true in the future. To get top leadership there must be a relatively large base of high ability selected for development and then successive skimmings of the cream of ability at successive times and at higher levels. It should be arranged that the Members first appointed serve terms of such length that at least two Members are appointed each succeeding year. To insure continued preparedness along farsighted technical lines, the research scientists of the country must be called upon to continue in peacetime some substantial portion of those types of contribution to national security which they have made so effectively during the stress of the present war * * *. In this cooperative endeavour the pharmaceutical industry has played an important role, especially during the war. In some countries comparable increases have been accompanied by famine. BERNHARD RUST (1883 - 1945) Nazi Minister of Science, Education and National Culture. by Richard C. Atkinson Publication Washington, D.C., National Science Foundation, 1980 Note "July 1945." "Reprinted as part of the thirtieth anniversary observation of the National Science Foundation, 1950-1980"--Cover New manufacturing industries can be started and many older industries greatly strengthened and expanded if we continue to study nature's laws and apply new knowledge to practical purposes. Freedom of inquiry must be preserved under any plan for Government support of science in accordance with the Five Fundamentals listed on page 26. Penicillin reached our troops in time to save countless lives because the Government coordinated and supported the program of research and development on the drug. Therefore a professional partnership between the officers in the Services and civilian scientists is needed. There has been dramatic progress in surgery. Publication: Science. Progress in the war against disease results from discoveries in remote and unexpected fields of medicine and the underlying sciences. More Filters. Much of the information and experience acquired during the war is confined to the agencies that gathered it. "Kei Koizumi, American Association for the Advancement of Science, "With Science, the Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush envisioned the cloistered infrastructure for US science research that has prevailed for nearly eighty years. Using the citation data from 45 million manuscripts and 3.9 million patents, the researchers calculated a measure of disruptiveness, called the 'CD index', in which values ranged from -1 for the least . Nature of the Problem. A report to the President by United States. Recommendations regarding the allocation of research programs among research organizations. 1,160. I cannot improve on President Conant's statement that: "* * * in every section of the entire area where the word science may properly be applied, the limiting factor is a human one. - This Division should be charged with encouraging the publication of scientific knowledge and promoting international exchange of scientific information. - It should be the function of this Division to support and to supervise the grant of scholarships and fellowships in science. 9 reviews In 1945, Dr. Vannevar Bush, then director of the wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development, prepared a report for President Franklin Roosevelt to recommend a national approach towards science and research. Science--the endless frontier : a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research, by Vannevar Bush ; introd. These uncertainties are, in part, attributable to the difficulties and expense incident to the operation of the patent system as it presently exists. Today, it is truer than ever that basic research is the pacemaker of technological progress. United Kingdom Like troops, the scientists have been mobilized, and thrown into action to serve their country in time of emergency. It is important that the patent system continue to serve the country in the manner intended by the Constitution, for it has been a vital element in the industrial vigor which has distinguished this nation. The Divisions should be responsible to the Members of the Foundation for -. To obtain and utilize the services of other Government agencies to the extent that such agencies are prepared to render such services. Government initiative, support, and coordination can be very effective in this development phase. The primary place for medical research is in the medical schools and universities. This view was at the core Expand. Nature, 466(7309), 922-923. o Gibson . 6. Industry learned many years ago that basic research cannot often be fruitfully conducted as an adjunct to or a subdivision of an operating agency or department. This month, the U.S. Senate is poised to consider legislation that would expand the National Science Foundation (NSF) and strengthen the U.S. science and technology research ecosystem. The history of medical science teaches clearly the supreme importance of affording the prepared mind complete freedom for the exercise of initiative. "Daniel J. Kevles, author of The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics, Science, and Character, "During his productive time in Congress and afterward, Rush Holt has been a champion of scientific research and the integration of science into policymaking. INTRODUCTION There are certain basic principles which must underlie the program of Government support for scientific research and education if such support is to be effective and if it is to avoid impairing the very things we seek to foster. This is the American way; this is the way the United States has become what it is. FLASH SALE -Enjoy 70% off this weeks featured collection. The deficit of those holding advanced degrees -- that is, young scholars trained to the point where they are capable of carrying on original work -- has been estimated as amounting to about 17,000 by 1955 in chemistry, engineering, geology, mathematics, physics, psychology, and the biological sciences. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. 4. Maintaining liaison with other scientific research agencies, both governmental and private, concerned with the work of the Division. The National Patent Planning Commission has reported on this subject. but the present pattern is firmly established and there is much to be said for it. The benefits of basic research do not reach all industries equally or at the same speed. Private foundations and other groups partially fulfill some of these functions at present, but their scope is incomplete and inadequate. The most immediate prospect of making up some of the deficit in scientific personnel is by salvaging scientific talent from the generation in uniform. Download Citation. Through the Land Grant College acts the Government has supported research in state institutions for more than 80 years on a gradually increasing scale. Metrics details. 1 Citations. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. Phone: +86 10 8457 8802 They will be of aid in furnishing detailed suggestions. International Exchange of Scientific Information. The recommendations in this report which relate to research within the Government, to the release of scientific information, to clarification of the tax laws, and to the recovery and development of our scientific talent now in uniform can be implemented by action within the existing structure of the Government. Neither our allies nor, so far as we know, our enemies have done anything so radical as thus to suspend almost completely their educational activities in scientific pursuits during the war period. To permit the release of information by one agency and to continue to restrict it elsewhere would be unfair in its effect and would tend to impair the morale and efficiency of scientists who have submerged individual interests in the controls and restrictions of war. Notwithstanding great progress in prolonging the span of life and relief of suffering, much illness remains for which adequate means of prevention and cure are not yet known. - Studies by the several committees provide a partial basis for making an estimate of the order of magnitude of the funds required to implement the proposed program. Confronted with these deficits, we are compelled to look to the use of our basic human resources and formulate a program which will assure their conservation and effective development. Moreover, they should see that those who study overseas have the benefit of the latest scientific developments. Science, the endless frontier; a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Vannevar Bush distills in graceful prose his deep experience of directing research during World War II and Rush Holts new introduction points to how science is essential for all citizens and a vibrant democracy. First, the sound democratic principle that there should be no favored classes or special privilege in a time of peril, that all should be ready to sacrifice equally; second, the tenet that every man should serve in the capacity in which his talents and experience can best be applied for the prosecution of the war effort. We should also get it to the men studying overseas so that they will know what has happened in their absence. - In order to insure that men of great competence and experience may be designated as Members of the Foundation and as members of the several professional Divisions, the legislation creating the Foundation should contain specific authorization so that the Members of the Foundation and the Members of the Divisions may also engage in private and gainful employment, notwithstanding the provisions of any other laws: provided, however, that no compensation for such employment is received in any form from any profit-making institution which receives funds under contract, or otherwise, from the Division or Divisions of the Foundation with which the individual is concerned. The following very rough estimates are given for the first year of operation after the Foundation is organized and operating, and for the fifth year of operation when it is expected that the operations would have reached a fairly stable level: The National Research Foundation herein proposed meets the urgent need of the days ahead. Both the Bush and the Holt essays are well worth a read. The function of such a civilian group would be primarily to conduct long-range scientific research on military problems - leaving to the Services research on the improvement of existing weapons. I believe that, as a permanent measure, it would be appropriate to add to the agency needed to perform the other functions recommended in this report the responsibilities for civilian-initiated and civilian-controlled military research. United States The figures have been taken from a variety of sources and arbitrary definitions have necessarily been applied, but it is believed that they may be accepted as indicating the following trends: If the colleges, universities, and research institutes are to meet the rapidly increasing demands of industry and Government for new scientific knowledge, their basic research should be strengthened by use of public funds. Committed suicide at war's end. . Except to the extent that military security dictates otherwise, such knowledge should be spread upon the record for the benefit of the general public. More elaborate and expensive equipment is required, supplies are more costly, and the wages of assistants are higher. Only through such responsibility can we maintain the proper relationship between science and other aspects of a democratic system. They are the wellsprings of knowledge and understanding. We think as we think because we are not interested in setting up an elect. Each Division of the Foundation should be made up of at least five members, appointed by the Members of the Foundation. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and governments responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Two great principles have guided us in this country as we have turned our full efforts to war. For the general good of the country too many such men have gone into uniform, and their talents have not always been fully utilized. We will update our FAQ page when it becomes available. Universities may forgo the focus on quantity, and more strongly reward research quality 56 , and perhaps more fully subsidize year-long sabbaticals. About this article. Higher education in this country is largely for those who have the means. These private sources should continue to carry their share of the financial burden. We must remove the rigid controls which we have had to impose, and recover freedom of inquiry and that healthy competitive scientific spirit so necessary for expansion of the frontiers of scientific knowledge. This is highly desirable in order that there may be no interruption in the relations between scientists and military men after the emergency wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development goes out of existence. Those ready for college training in the sciences have not been permitted to enter upon that training. The very successful pattern of organization of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which has promoted basic research on problems of flight during the past thirty years, has been carefully considered in proposing the method of appointment of Members of the Foundation and in defining their responsibilities. At the same time, the teaching hospitals are especially well qualified to carry on medical research because of their close connection with the medical schools, on which they depend for staff and supervision. Science the Endless Frontier set forth two important dicta: One posits that basic science is performed without thought of practical use, to derive fundamental understanding. The Government can accomplish significant results in several ways: by aiding in the arrangement of international science congresses, in the official accrediting of American scientists to such gatherings, in the official reception of foreign scientists of standing in this country, in making possible a rapid flow of technical information, including translation service, and possibly in the provision of international fellowships. Since 1900 a large number of scientific agencies have been established within the Federal Government, until in 1939 they numbered more than 40. 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