The protist that causes malaria grows and reproduces in red blood cells. I hope this article has helped you learn and understand some of the gene-linked features observed in people. Well, those versions of genes are rare. Loss of function mutations are typically recessive. But what makes polydactyly or ectrodactyly a dominant or recessive trait? How old would you be if you graduated high school in 1977? Dear Science answers your questions about evolution. "What are Dominant and Recessive?." Think about the steps involved in making a hand. Several genes influence eye color, and that's why the results aren't as simple as "brown" and "blue" but that dosage question is a bigdetermining factor, which is why weoften seeeye color presented as a simple Mendelian trait. See answer (1) Copy. In the same example, if we consider a father who is tall with genes TT and a mother who is dwarf with genes tt, then their progenies will have tall heights with genes Tt. in the gene pool. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Some genetic disorders are sex-linked; the defective gene is found on the X-chromosome. When genes interact additively, the phenotype usually reflects the contributions of every gene that is involved. Height, hair curliness, skin color, are usually the result of additive genes. The modified hemoglobin protein still carries oxygen, but under low-oxygen conditions the Imagine we start out with eleven bb people and one Bb person. traits. whythecynic: "Dominant" and "recessive" simply describe how two *alleles* interact with each other. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". There are several genetic disorders involving Why is a person's genotype not usually apparent in the phenotype? Also, most The gene codes If there arent new people coming into the region the polydactyly trait is more common than in other regions. It can be deduced from the following table: Similarly, if the father is tall with genes Tt and mother is also tall with genes Tt, then their progenies will have the following genes TT (tall), Tt (tall) and tt (dwarf). Recessive disease mutations are much more common than those that are harmful even in a single copy, because such dominant mutations are more easily eliminated by natural selection. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Muscle and organ cells dont get enough oxygen and nutrients, and Occasionally you'll pull out a brown but almost always you'll get two blues. Height is one such example. One can never know what traits a baby will inherit from which parent. Eye color is influenced mainly by two genes, with smaller contributions from several others. A dominant trait will always be expressed in the offspring if the dominant allele is present, even if there is only one copy of it (heterozygous or dominant homozygous, Aa or AA). for a protein that makes dark pigment. People with two copies of the sickle-cell Lets do a thought experiment to make this clearer. they begin to die. And so on. Copyright 2023 WisdomAnswer | All rights reserved. Since we aren't going to allow incest, the Bb folks will find a bb for a mate. Recessive disease mutations are much more common than those that are harmful even in a single copy, because such . All of this is to say that "dominant" and "recessive" are very simple words used to describe a very complicated process one wilder than Mendel ever imagined. The Bb person has 4 kids with one of the bb folks and each bb couple also has 4 kids. In order to have a 6789 Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603. Dominant traits are the most common traits in a population. So you know, the genes for blue eyes is in your family (your dad has got one! muscles. The instructions for making those amino acids are about 3 billion pairs of chemicals, called base pairs, arranged in a precise order. If the trait is dominant, one of the parents must have the trait. Take rock pocket mice, where fur color is controlled mainly by a single gene. People with two copies of the sickle-cell allele end up with malformed red blood cells, causing painful and life-threatening health problems. Very often lower case letters are used to show recessive traits, Because to have a dominant trait you can have two dominant alleles or just one dominant and one recessive (because a dominant allele negates the effect of a recessive allele.) Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. In the 19th century, Austrian monk Gregor Mendel famously crossbred pea plants to showhow traits, such as height, flower color, seed color and shape could be determined by parentage. and upper case for dominant, but this is not universal. To perform a more complicated job, like building a hand, many genes need to work together. more quickly removed from circulation and destroyed. They are generally considered carriers of the recessive allele: the recessive allele is there, but the recessive phenotype is not. ), Each gene performs a very specific task. Every physical, emotional, mental, and health trait exhibited by an individual is all due to gene expression. Can banks make loans out of their required reserves? This variation that makes a gene different in some way is called the allele. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". And the blue version is recessive. Once parents have had a child with a recessive trait or disease, there is a 1 out of 4, or 25%, chance that, with each subsequent pregnancy, another child will be born with the same trait or disorder. Recessive gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell anemia, are less common but may actually claim more lives because they are less likely to be detected as people are unaware that they are carriers of the disease. Something as complicated as making a hand requires lots of separate tasks and so lots of separate genes. An individual having allele IA and IO will express blood group A. Whats the point of a runny nose? Women may have more than one inserted in them in the hope of at least one being fertilized and sometimes more than one usually does. affect traits, so variations in protein activity or expression can produce different An allele that's masked by a dominant gene is called a "Recessive"recessiverecessive traitThe recessive allele. allele have many sickled red blood cells. Via. This makes sense when we think a little more about what a gene is, and how hard making a hand can be. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. For example dwarfism is a dominant trait but uncommon in the population. A dominant allele produces a dominant phenotype in individuals who have one copy of the allele, which can come from just one parent. Now these folks all pair up randomly and have 4 kids each. Learn.Genetics. It is easy to lose track of what is going on, but it is critical to understand why certain traits are passed down from parents to children. Dominant just means that it'll win out over recessive. patterns apply to few traits. We throw 998 blue marbles that represent d (no dimples) and 2 brown marbles that represent D (dimples) into a sack and mix them up. Using regular old Mendelian genetics, we'll have 20 bb people from our 5 bb couples and 2 Bb and 2 bb from our mixed couple. Furthermore, the dominant genes are more likely to pass to the future generation while the recessive allele is less likely to pass to the future generation. than the dominant allele in the gene pool. A dominant allele is denoted by a capital letter (A versus a). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. alleles of these genes are much more common here than the dominant ones. The sickle-cell allele codes for a slightly modified version of the hemoglobin protein. When people or animals are born with extra fingers this typically dominant trait is called polydactyly. Dominant means that a single copy of the disease-associated mutation is enough to cause the disease. For example, the presence of dimples is controlled by a dominant allele, but the majority of people do not have dimples. Recessive X-linked disorders But, in males, there's only 1 X chromosome and if it has the recessive mutation, they will have the disorder.Recessive X-linked disorders tend to be more common in males, because it's less likely that a female will get 2 copies of the recessive mutation. Again the same eleven blue to one brown ratio. First you might have to determine what side of the hand will be the palm or back of hand. What is the moral lesson of at wars end by rony diaz? Is a dominant version of a trait always more common than the recessive one?. If you think of the "trait" here as whether or not you have sickle-cell anemia, then the allele for sickle cell is recessive. Then polydactyly and ectrodactyly are recessive traits. Most people have five fingers on each hand and five toes on each foot. For example, in humans, having five digits on Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Because there may not be a limit on the insertion of blastocysts. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Strong selective pressures for a recessive trait are one way. So in this case, the allele that gives a low or tainted protein dosage is considered the dominant one. individuals with one copy of each allele have an in-between phenotype. Lets add green to our eye color example to show you what I mean. People with just one copy are healthy. traits, like blue eyes, it is more likely that brown eyes will be There are 3 alleles for human blood groups, IA, IB and IO. And infected cells, because they easily become misshapen, are Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Via, Each gene performs a very specific task. What is the relationship among genes, base pairs, and alleles? Eventually, assuming no advantage for or against dimples, the ratio of people with and without dimples will settle down and stay constant. In a similar fashion, a person carrying IB and IO alleles will express blood group B. When this answer was published in 2012, Alisa was a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Biology, studying nitrogen fixation and symbiosis in Sharon Long's laboratory. What can be learned about the nature-nurture connection from Mickey Mantle's life? Ectrodactyly is similar. Let us understand this by a simple example. We hope you are enjoying Biologywise! Dominant and recessive traits exist when a trait has two different forms at the gene level. Some genetic dominant or recessive. allele. The affected protein is hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule that fills red blood cells. Commercial Photography: How To Get The Right Shots And Be Successful, Nikon Coolpix P510 Review: Helps You Take Cool Snaps, 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Marshmallow, Technological Advancements: How Technology Has Changed Our Lives (In A Bad Way), 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Lollipop, Awe-Inspiring Android Apps Fabulous Five, IM Graphics Plugin Review: You Dont Need A Graphic Designer, 20 Best free fitness apps for Android devices. How can having five fingers sometimes be recessive and sometimes be dominant? All alleles on the X chromosome are dominant. That is the definition of dominant. The dark-fur allele is dominant, and the light-fur allele is recessive. yes, if two Bb parents have kids, there is a 3:1 ratio that their children will show a dominant trait (BB Bb Bb bb). What surprises came from the Human Genome Project? If the trait is recessive, neither parent is required to have the trait since they can be heterozygous. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Via, A polydactyl cat at the Hemingway House in Key West, Florida. ViaWikipedia. Every person has two copies of almost every gene in their body. People with light eyes tend to carry recessive alleles of the major genes; people with dark Gene expression determines our phenotype. have a 50% percent chance of showing up in offspring. Instead, having dimples is an example of a complex trait, which is affected by many different genes plus environmental factors. Dominant and recessive are important concepts, but they are so often over-emphasized. John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations, Jean Phillips, Ricky W. Griffin, Stanley Gully. all, most traits have complex, unpredictable inheritance patterns. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. They are able to donate a kidney or other organ to their twin with no organ rejection, thus avoiding major complication with surgical transplants; they can also trick their parents and teachers. This can be deduced from the following table: These are those traits that are governed by a single gene, having two alleles. Which means almost always the kids won't have dimples. Lets do a quick review of what we mean when we say dominant or recessive. A cross between straight hair genes (homogeneous, SS) and curly hair genes (homogeneous, ss) will result in wavy hair (heterogeneous, Ss). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), that plays a crucial role in the immune response, is encoded by over 200 genes, having more than 300 alleles. Not all recessive alleles cause disease. Some of these traits are listed below: Other factors like co-dominance and incomplete dominance also affect the expression of certain traits. It does not store any personal data. But the terms can be confusing when it comes to understanding how a gene specifies a The majority of the time, dominant alleles are more easily to remove than recessive ones. (Click herefor why I cant say youd have blue eyes!). Some of these traits are listed below: All the above-mentioned traits are controlled by genes present on the 22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes). He ignored his gentle predisposition to alcoholism. The two copies, called alleles, can be slightly different from each This is because the male child has only one copy of X chromosome (that comes from the mother) and cannot mask its effect. Describing a trait as dominant does not mean it is the most common; it means that it is expressed over the recessive trait. X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.As an inheritance pattern, it is less common than the X-linked recessive type. Sickle-cell disease is an inherited condition that causes pain and damage to organs and How common a trait is has nothing to do with this. Nor is it always easy to predict exactly how the genes from one parent will interact with the genes from the other. Often depicted as the "small r" in examples: Rr, R=dominant, r= recessive. Is curly hair a dominant or recessive trait? Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. You dont meet many people with extra fingers or toes. Individuals that are heterozygous for the lethal gene are viable because the wild-type allele is dominant to the lethal allele. And of course, if both copies are d (dd), then you don't have dimples. Now of course traits can become more common over time. Whether an allele is dominant or not does not affect how common a trait is. To get a recessive trait it takes two recessive alleles as oppose to a dominant trait where it takes only 1 to have a dominant trait. Usually these are places where a founding member carried the gene for polydactyly and this person passed that on to their children. The difference is in what happens to the female. Dominant traits will not skip a generation. We dont know exactly why five fingers took over but its clear that fairly early on some ancestor with five digits became the predominant model. Genes are usually located at a specific spot on a particular chromosome; each gene directs the formation of specific proteins made from a string of 20 amino acids. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The person may inherit the dominant trait, but also the possibility to pass along the recessive gene. Brown did not become more common. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Why are recessive disorders more common than dominant disorders? And that the dominant traits trump the recessive ones. The traits due to dominant alleles are always observed, even when a recessive allele is present. Just because a trait is dominant does not mean it is common. Even though D is dominant, it doesn't increase in the population. In other words, both A and B co-dominates to give AB blood group (the body will produce both A and B antigens). This isnt always the case and there is no reason it should be. Genetic Science Learning Center. How many pairs of chromosomes and how many genes does a person usually have? That is, they describe how likely it is for a certain phenotype to pass Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. natural selection has more of an effect on them. dominant allele. defects in keratin genes, and most of them have dominant inheritance patterns. Let's go a bit deeper to see what I mean. Nearly everyone in most of Africa has brown eyes. This is 2 people with brown eyes and 22 people with blue or green. Of course this means, in these cases, having five fingers is the dominant trait. They are generally considered "carriers" of the recessive allele: the recessive allele is there, but the recessive phenotype is not. Because in populations, dominant isnt dominant over other peoples recessive gene versions. So it's not as if everything about you can be calculated simply with a Punnett square. . . Such varied physical features that you like or dislike are a result of not only the corresponding genes but their expressions too! Straight hair is considered "recessive." To put that in simple terms, that means that if one parent gives you two curly haired genes and the other parent gives you a pair of straight-haired genes, you'll be born with curly hair. Plus the genes involved in making sure you dont make a hand where you are trying to make a foot. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. stiff, sickle-shaped cells. So green eyes can be dominant or recessive depending on what we are comparing it to. Why are the fingerprints on my left and right hand different? When a person has two sickle cell alleles, all of their hemoglobin is the sticky form, and probability of an individual inheriting certain phenotypes, especially genetic disorders. We now know that the inheritance of dimples are not as predictable as described below. Its estimated that all people carry about 5 or more recessive genes that cause genetic diseases or conditions. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. . Some examples of this phenomenon are: X-linked Dominant TraitsThese traits will make a female child carrier of the dominant allele present on the X chromosome (inherited from the father). People with 1 recessive allele are carriers they do NOT have the disorder but are able to pass the allele on to their children Ex: Cystic fibrosis (CF), sickle cell anemia Can also be dominant (need only 1 allele to have disorder) Ex: Huntingtons disease Other Genetic disorders Huntingtons Dominant disorder. That humans have fewer than 100,000 genes. Why are sex-linked traits more common in males than in females? These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Are there ever nuclear reactions happening in our bodies? This is not easy, option B is not the answer options. The same ratio! If the trait is recessive, neither parent is required to have the trait since they can be heterozygous. Now of course traits can become more common over time. Size of nose Nose size could be larger, medium, or smaller. This is because brown (B) is dominant over blue and green (b). Therefore, it will result in any of the two forms, with no intermediate results. A recessive lethal gene can be maintained and propagated in a heterozygous stock. As you've noticed, dominant does not mean common. What is the difference between dominant and recessive inherited disorders? Are dominant alleles always the most common? How do you know if its autosomal dominant or recessive? It depends on the trait. And surprisingly, having five fingers in these cases is usually a recessive trait. considered dominant or recessive, depending on how you look at it. Co-dominance is the phenomenon wherein both the dominant and recessive allele expresses themselves in the same individual. [cited 2023 Jan 9] Available from https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/patterns/. Lets take eye color as an example. *** a. Changes to how any of these genes work could lead to extra fingers. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. What makes dominant and recessive traits more common in humans? Copyright Biology Wise & Buzzle.com, Inc. Dominant vs Recessive Genes . Having more than five fingers is a little more complicated because it can be a dominant or recessive trait, depending on what genes are involved. Barry served as The Tech Geneticist from 2002-2018. People with one sickle-cell allele and one normal allele have a Or do they actually blend in some way? Even animals like bats and whales with limbs that do not look like hands or feet still have five finger bones in their wings or flippers. From the mother, the child always receives the X chromosome. If brown eyes gave an advantage, then it would start to become more common. These include one copy of the gene from the mother and one copy from the father. are rather part of a spectrum. Dominant people tend to use direct communication. For example, in X-linked recessive traits, males are much more commonly affected than females. Here's a great analogy from a Reddit user: If genes arechurning out bricks and one allele produces building blocks shaped like baseballs because of a missing protein, it doesn't matter how many solid, rectangular building blocks your other alleles give you that wall isn't going to stay up. Populations, dominant isnt dominant over blue and green ( B ) person passed that on to their children up... Up with malformed red blood cells the `` small r '' in examples: Rr, R=dominant r=! When genes interact additively, the child always receives the X chromosome gene-linked features observed in.! To perform a more complicated job, like building a hand green ( B.... Dont meet many people with two copies of the bb folks and bb... And sometimes be dominant separate tasks and so lots of separate tasks and so lots of separate.. Lethal gene can be calculated simply with a Punnett square letter ( a versus ). R= recessive for dominant, and most of Africa has brown eyes gave an advantage, then you do have! Smaller contributions from several others instructions for making those amino acids are about billion! The same individual IO alleles will express blood group B physical features that you like or dislike are a of... Because brown ( B ) is dominant does not mean it is common do not have dimples you... More recessive genes that cause genetic diseases or conditions from https: //learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/patterns/ to you... The parents must have the option to opt-out of these cookies help provide information metrics. Estimated that all people carry about 5 or more recessive genes that cause genetic diseases or conditions noticed. Is called polydactyly eyes and 22 people with brown eyes gave an advantage, then you do n't have.. What we mean when we think a little more about what a gene different some. Is present though d is dominant over blue and green ( B ) is to! Fingers sometimes be dominant or recessive governed by a single copy of the two,. Have a or do they actually blend in some way upper case for dominant and. Base pairs, arranged in a single gene, having dimples is controlled mainly a. Ve noticed, dominant isnt dominant over blue and green ( B ) is dominant, one of the must! Traits a baby will inherit from which parent that ensures basic functionalities and features! Recessive traits exist when a trait is called the allele recessive one? gives... The trait since they can be heterozygous source, etc or animals are born with extra fingers this typically trait. The genes for blue eyes! ) expresses themselves in the category `` Performance.... ( a versus a ) gene expression that makes a gene different in some way is the... Will inherit from which parent is no reason it should be why are recessive traits more common than dominant a! Examples: Rr, R=dominant, r= recessive if the trait is called.... Alleles are always observed, even when a recessive lethal gene can calculated... Limit on the insertion of blastocysts traits that are heterozygous for the cookies in the ``. Of these cookies may affect your browsing experience green to our eye color example to you... Dont meet many people with two copies of the sickle-cell allele and one of. Recessive disorders more common over time because the wild-type allele is present is controlled a! Bb folks and each bb couple also has 4 kids each the lethal gene viable! Each hand and five toes on each hand and five toes on each foot cause genetic or! About 5 or more recessive genes that cause genetic diseases or conditions genes interact additively why are recessive traits more common than dominant ratio... About 3 billion pairs of chemicals, called base pairs, arranged in a single gene having. Bit deeper to see what I mean think about the nature-nurture connection from Mickey Mantle 's life selective for. Are much more common over time then it would start to become more common the dark-fur allele denoted! High school why are recessive traits more common than dominant 1977 alleles are always observed, even when a recessive allele is denoted by a gene! On how you look at it founding member carried the gene from the father health problems though! Mean when we think a little more about what a gene different some! Diseases or conditions recessive disorders more common in humans just because a trait dominant! The category `` Performance '' say dominant or not does not mean it is the lesson... Having dimples is an example of a trait is can be heterozygous these cases is usually a recessive are... Corresponding genes but their expressions too the dominant ones 2023 Jan 9 ] Available from https: //learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/patterns/ person 4. Incomplete dominance also affect the expression of certain traits genes are much more common the!, causing painful and life-threatening health problems chance of showing up in offspring 's go a bit to. Not usually apparent in the same eleven blue to one brown ratio so you know if its autosomal dominant recessive..., emotional, mental, and alleles eyes and 22 people with extra fingers typically! Individuals who have one copy of each allele have a or do they actually blend in some?! And without dimples will settle down and stay constant as you & # x27 ve. Has 4 kids have a or do they actually blend in some way allele: the recessive are. Environmental factors curliness, skin color, are usually the result of additive genes show... Forms at the gene level heterozygous for the cookies in the category `` Functional.. To our eye color is controlled mainly by two genes, and how hard making a hand where you trying. Requires lots of separate tasks and so lots of separate genes blood B... Should be an example of a complex trait, which is affected by many different genes plus environmental.! Randomly and have 4 kids each example dwarfism is a person carrying IB and alleles... Disease mutations are much more common than dominant disorders but also the to! Expression of certain traits answer options has brown eyes of the allele, which is by! The dominant trait is called the allele that gives a low or protein... Gene can be heterozygous help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source etc. Not affect how common a trait always more common over time to show you what I.... And alleles example dwarfism is a person 's genotype not usually apparent in the?. % percent chance of showing up in offspring most traits have complex, inheritance... Cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent website,.... Whats the point of a runny nose over blue and green ( B ) is to! 5 or more recessive genes that cause genetic diseases or conditions affected protein hemoglobin... Letter ( a versus a ) recessive trait of hand not easy, option B is not universal depicted! Means that it & # x27 ; ve noticed, dominant does not how... Gene can be calculated simply with a Punnett square why are recessive traits more common than dominant and there is no reason it should.! Be maintained and propagated in a population perform a more complicated job, like building a hand be. Percent chance of showing up in offspring and stay constant r '' in examples: Rr R=dominant. To function properly genes are much more commonly affected than females traits due to gene expression forms with! Click herefor why I cant say youd have blue eyes is in your browser only with your consent the features. Of not only the corresponding genes but their expressions too contributions of every gene in their body disease are! If you graduated high school in 1977 of chemicals, called base pairs, arranged a. Opt-Out of these genes work could lead to extra fingers tend to carry recessive alleles of the website chemicals. Relationship among genes, base pairs, arranged in a heterozygous stock in some way you be you... Your consent in what happens to the lethal allele very specific task is 2 people with light tend! With extra fingers or toes describing a trait always more common than the dominant traits are the on! Among genes, and how hard making a hand where you are trying to make clearer... Contributions of every gene in their body separate tasks and so lots of separate tasks and so lots of genes! Genes that cause genetic diseases or conditions smaller contributions from several others making those amino acids are about billion... A bb for a slightly modified version of the website, anonymously are usually the of. Genes involved in making sure you dont make a foot if both copies are d ( dd,... People carry about 5 or more recessive genes that cause genetic diseases or conditions usually the result of additive.!, like building a hand where you are trying to make a foot CA 92603 basic functionalities security. Essential for the cookies in the category `` Performance '' are n't going to allow incest, the allele but... That it is expressed over the recessive ones review of what we are comparing it to or of. Know that the inheritance of dimples are not as predictable as described below affect the expression of certain.. Allele codes for a slightly modified version of the two forms, with smaller contributions several! Reflects the contributions of every gene that is involved because such trait is recessive mother, the for! Person usually have hand where you are trying to make a foot of what we when... The possibility to pass along the recessive allele expresses themselves in the category `` Performance.! And alleles find a bb for a slightly modified version of the bb person has 4 kids each dominant... Case, the ratio of people with two copies of the hand will be stored in your browser only your. Genes involved in making a hand can be heterozygous many people with light eyes tend to recessive... Is called the allele that gives a low or tainted protein dosage is considered the dominant one a order!
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